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urim and thummim
In the Hebrew Bible, the Urim and Thummim ((ヘブライ語:האורים והתומים), Standard ''(unicode:haʾUrim vəhaTummim)'' Tiberian ''(unicode:hāʾÛrîm wəhatTummîm)'') are associated with the ''hoshen'' (High Priest's breastplate), divination in general, and cleromancy in particular. Most scholars suspect that the phrase refers to specific objects involved in the divination.〔''Peake's commentary on the Bible''〕
==Name and meaning==
''Thummim'' (תוּמִים) is widely considered to be derived from the consonantal root תתּוּמִים (t-m-m), meaning ''innocent'',〔〔''Jewish Encyclopedia''〕〔Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica''〕 while ''Urim'' (אוּרִים) has traditionally been taken to derive from a root meaning ''lights''; these derivations are reflected in the Neqqudot of the Masoretic Text.〔 In consequence, ''Urim and Thummim'' has traditionally been translated as ''lights and perfections'' (by Theodotion, for example), or, by taking the phrase allegorically, as meaning ''revelation and truth'', or ''doctrine and truth'' (it appears in this form in the Vulgate, in the writing of St. Jerome, and in the Hexapla).〔
Although at face value the words are plural, the context suggests they are ''pluralis intensivus''—singular words which are pluralised to enhance their apparent majesty.〔 The singular forms—''ur'' and ''tumm''—have been connected by some early scholars with the Babylonian terms ''urtu'' and ''tamitu'', meaning ''oracle'' and ''command'', respectively.〔 Many scholars now believe that אוּרִים (''Urim'') simply derives from the Hebrew term אּרּרִים (''Arrim''), meaning ''curses'', and thus that ''Urim and Thummim'' essentially means ''cursed or faultless'', in reference to the deity's judgment of an accused person— in other words, ''Urim and Thummim'' were used to answer the question ''innocent or guilty''.〔〔
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